If, as Krashen asserts, one cannot help but learn a language when you have a means of understanding it as you are exposed to it, then it would be redundant to carrying out formative assessment. One would automatically improve.
Therefore, an alternative assessment would consist of checking the following:
- exposure
- noticing
- reflection
- interaction (with others' ideas and experience)
- affinity
- habit
- input
- authentic text (read or listened to)
- a sense of grammar
- a range of vocabulary
- low stress
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